Using single frequency network technology to supplement a station’s main ATSC 3.0 signal looks to improve service, increase over-the-air audience and enable new revenue sources, including better reception by mobile devices and data delivery. But this would come at a price of nearly $2 million per station, according to a plan developed by engineering consultants Meintel, Sgrignoli & Wallace.
TVN TECH
ATSC 3.0 SFNs Could Offer Multiple Benefits
How much is it worth to deliver a stronger TV signal throughout a market?
Many station groups will likely find themselves confronting that question if ATSC 3.0 — the next-generation digital television standard currently under development — is authorized by the FCC.
A recent study by engineering consultancy Meintel, Sgrignoli & Wallace for Pearl, the consortium of nine major station groups working to bring next-gen TV to fruition, found that doing so comes with an equipment cost of nearly $2 million per station.
That is the price estimate for a very specific scenario which envisions deploying four single frequency network (SFN) sites to augment the strength of the signal transmitted from the Big Stick , says Dennis Wallace, managing partner of Meintel, Sgrignoli & Wallace.
The scenario envisions the SFN sites located at the periphery of a service area. Each would use a directional antenna pointed back at the center of the market where the Big Stick resides and transmits at full power, he says.
The RF technology required at each SFN site, including a transmitter, combiner, feed line, STL and broadband antenna would cost about $2.77 million, or about $11 million total.
BRAND CONNECTIONS
The scenario depicted in the study envisions six local stations sharing the transmission sites, which translates into about $1.9 million apiece for the technology, Wallace says.
Wallace has dubbed this type of network a sparse SFN, as compared to a dense SFN with 15 to 20 individual transmitter sites, which is more akin to some SFN deployments in Europe.
What broadcasters may well end up purchasing for their $2 million SFN investment depicted in this scenario is a future filled with improved service delivery, a growing over-the-air audience and new revenue sources.
“Single frequency networks are a tool in the ATSC 3.0 toolbox that will allow broadcasters to build business models that reflect their individual markets’ needs,” he says.
For example, delivering a higher signal level throughout the coverage area will enable transmission of more robust signals enabling better reception by mobile device, he says.
Broadcasters with service areas shielded by hills and other obstructions will benefit as well.
“If you are in a place like Pittsburgh where it’s very difficult to achieve coverage because of topography, an SFN will allow you to fill in those areas where you had weak signal and coverage,” Wallace says.
Indoor reception farther into buildings also will improve not only because signal strength is greater but also because signals are coming from multiple directions, one of which will likely be in line with a window or other feature easily penetrated by the transmission, says Jay Adrick, a former VP with GatesAir and now a consultant to the company.
SFNs can even make it easier to deliver Ultra HD to the home.
“If I want to deliver Ultra HD, I need to achieve a much higher signal level in order to get reception of my Ultra HD service.
“Instead of being at 15 dB, I might need to be near 20 dB because UltraHD is a real high data rate service. How do I make that up? By deploying an SFN,” Wallace says.
Even new services, such as robust data delivery over the air for third parties, will benefit from higher signal strength and SFNs, he adds.
Other SFN operational costs exist, including electrical power, which for the four sites combined will equal or slightly exceed the cost of power for the Big Stick, and the monthly cost of leasing, or one-time expense of building, a tower at each site, he says.
“There are also some economies of scale that might be gained in terms of actual labor costs,” Wallace says. “You might have one or two engineers to take care of all the facilities in a market as opposed to every station having its own RF engineer or transmitter engineer.”
However, it is not necessary for a station to incur the entire cost of deploying a four-site SFN as envisioned by the study in one fell swoop, says Anne Schelle, managing director of Pearl.
“There are different factors that will dictate the buildout from market to market,” she says. “You are going to be looking [to use] existing facilities as much as possible, and build out the SFNs as required.”
It is even possible that just as wireless carriers use cell sites built and managed by companies like American Tower and Crown Castle, broadcasters too could turn to a third party to build and maintain SFN sites for a fee, she says.
Today, a handful of SFNs exist around the country transmitting ATSC 1.0 (A/53) digital television.
Broadcasters transmitting a future OFDM-based ATSC 3.0 signal may be more attracted to deploying single frequency networks because orthogonal frequency division multiplexing removes some of the complexity involved with single-carrier 8VSB SFNS.
“The guard interval [built into an OFDM transmission system] allows for the reception of multiple signals [that are] delayed without impacting the ability of the receiver to receive,” Wallace says.
The upshot is greater flexibility in locating the SFN sites in the network because the timing of signals arriving at a receiver from each location is not as critical.
Sharing SFN sites within a market has another benefit that may become particularly important following the FCC’s repack of TV stations into less spectrum.
“Sharing of sites buys us better spectral efficiency because if you have adjacent channels, you are going to solve the interference of adjacent channels by combining those facilities and co-locating,” Wallace says.
“Now I don’t have to worry about protecting an adjacent channel in the same market if we are all co-located at the same facility.”
By co-locating adjacent channels at the same SFN facilities, the signals from adjacent channels will likely travel along a similar path to the TV, and the path loss of both signals will be about the same, he says.
As a result, the TV tuner is much more likely to be able to tune in the desired channel without interference from a stronger adjacent channel signal. If the channels’ transmitters were located separately, it is possible that the adjacent channel could be closer to the TV tuner, delivering a stronger signal than the tuned channel and causing interference, Wallace explains.
While single frequency networks can ensure stronger signal strength throughout a market and open up new opportunities to broadcasters, they are not a requirement of ATSC 3.0.
“Broadcasters don’t have to use it if they don’t want to,” Wallace says. “But certainly the broadcasters who see value in single frequency networks, they have that toolset available to them, and it will provide them with a lot more options.”
To stay up to date on all things tech, follow Phil Kurz on TVNewsCheck’s Playout tech blog here. And follow him on Twitter: @TVplayout.
Comments (242)
Catherine Lucey says:
July 9, 2015 at 10:30 am
I believe this is what KRBK Springfield MO is already doing. And as alluded to in the article networks like BBC and ITV use this method to cover all of the UK while also regionalizing coverage. And to that end it seems like the huge benefit to US broadcasters would be the ability to finally be able to match local cable’s ability to geo-target, primarily from an advertising standpoint but also potentially from a news standpoint. Seems like a lot of value in a market like LA could be unlocked by having five sticks cover each of LA Basin, OC, IE, Ventura County and High Desert.
Joe Jaime says:
July 9, 2015 at 2:37 pm
Maybe the FCC should use a portion of the auction proceeds to help small market station upgrade. Markets 75 & up
Amneris Vargas says:
July 9, 2015 at 2:50 pm
While SFNs surely make broad cellular-like targeting easier, ATSC 3.0 envisions playing nice with device-level addressability (which is more akin to cable’s capabilities today). Geo is cool, but “35-45 year old truck lovers with a propensity to buy in next three months” is even cooler. That’s ATSC 3.0 (and IP playing nice with IP) and big sticks playing nice with little sticks.
Teri Green says:
July 9, 2015 at 3:12 pm
Time to ditch the current TV model here. Just let the major networks use repeaters. Have NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX, etc broadcast out of New York City and use repeaters to blanket the nation. Then you can assign each major city one or two independent stations.
The current model of affiliates is outdated by some 70 years stemming from radio.
Keith ONeal says:
July 9, 2015 at 11:22 pm
Just look around the U.K. and Europe. This practice you’re talking about has been used for DECADES in these countries. The BBC (1 & 2) and the ITV broadcasters (ITV3, ITV4, & ITV5) all broadcast from London with transmitters throughout the rest of the United Kingdom. ARD (Munich) and ZDF (Mainz) in Germany are the same way; one station with transmitters covering the rest of the country. I could go on; most if not all the Countries in Europe are the same way when it comes to Broadcast TV. There is ONE GOOD REASON why our way is better ~ You can NOT do LOCAL news on TV or Radio in these countries because the transmitters can only repeat the signal from the Broadcaster. In these Countries, you only get local news by reading the local newspaper, so the European way benefits the print media.
Ellen Samrock says:
July 9, 2015 at 4:43 pm
SFN is an intriguing idea. It could eliminate translators in many areas which would, in turn, open those channels up for new or displaced licensees. Given the cost of building an SFN, I wonder if it would make sense to di-plex with other stations (or is such a practice even feasible with OFDM)?
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July 10, 2015 at 1:23 am
The only aspect of SFNs that could pose a problem is push back from residents who may not want the antennas in their neighborhood. Residents of a local city near me just voted “no” to allow Verizon to install cellphone panels on a couple of water towers. So depending on where and how these SFN cells are placed within a community it might prove difficult for a station to create an SFN network.
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